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Oman - Wikipedia. Coordinates: 2. 1. Holding a strategically important position at the mouth of the Persian Gulf, the country shares land borders with the United Arab Emirates to the northwest, Saudi Arabia to the west, and Yemen to the southwest, and shares marine borders with Iran and Pakistan. The coast is formed by the Arabian Sea on the southeast and the Gulf of Oman on the northeast. The Madha and Musandam exclaves are surrounded by the UAE on their land borders, with the Strait of Hormuz (which it shares with Iran) and Gulf of Oman forming Musandam's coastal boundaries. From the late 1. 7th century, the Omani Sultanate was a powerful empire, vying with Portugal and Britain for influence in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean.

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At its peak in the 1. Omani influence or control extended across the Strait of Hormuz to modern- day Iran and Pakistan, and as far south as Zanzibar (today part of Tanzania, also former capital). Historically, Muscat was the principal trading port of the Persian Gulf region. Muscat was also among the most important trading ports of the Indian Ocean.

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Oman's official religion is Islam. Oman is an absolute monarchy. A significant portion of its economy involves tourism and trade of fish, dates, and certain agricultural produce. This sets it apart from its neighbors' largely oil- dependent economies.

Oman is categorized as a high- income economy and ranks as the 7. Global Peace Index.

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Two optically stimulated luminescence age estimates place the Arabian Nubian Complex at 1. This supports the proposition that early human populations moved from Africa into Arabia during the Late Pleistocene. Findings have included stone implements, animal bones, shells and fire hearths, with the latter dating back to 7. BC as the oldest signs of human settlement in the area. Other discoveries include hand- molded pottery bearing distinguishing pre- Bronze Age marks, heavy flint implements, pointed tools and scrapers. Mazoon, another name used for the region, is derived from the word muzn, which means heavy clouds which carry abundant water. The present- day name of the country, Oman, is believed to originate from the Arab tribes who migrated to its territory from the Uman region of Yemen.

Many such tribes settled in Oman, making a living by fishing, herding or stock breeding, and many present day Omani families are able to trace their ancestral roots to other parts of Arabia. From the 6th century BC to the arrival of Islam in the 7th century AD, Oman was controlled and/or influenced by three Persiandynasties: the Achaemenids, Parthians and Sassanids. A few scholars believe that in the 6th century BC, the Achaemenids exerted a strong degree of control over the Omani peninsula, most likely ruling from a coastal center such as Sohar. Central Oman has its own indigenous so- called Late Iron Age cultural assemblage, the Samad al- Shan. They extended their influence as far as Oman, establishing garrisons there to exert control over the trade routes in the Persian Gulf.

In the 3rd century AD, the Sassanids succeeded the Parthians and held the area until the rise of Islam, four centuries later. Their fortress still remains. In need of an outpost to protect their sea lanes, the Portuguese built up and fortified the city, where remnants of their colonial architectural style still exist. An Ottoman fleetcaptured Muscat in 1. Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean.

Rebellious tribes eventually drove out the Portuguese, but were themselves pushed out about a century later, in 1. Omani tribe, who began the current line of ruling sultans. Except for a brief Persian invasion in the late 1.

Oman has been self- governing ever since. A major obstacle to his progress was Fort Jesus, housing the garrison of a Portuguese settlement at Mombasa. After a two- year siege, the fort fell to bin Sultan in 1. Thereafter the Omanis easily ejected the Portuguese from Zanzibar and from all other coastal regions north of Mozambique. The Persians invaded Oman in 1. They were driven out in 1. Al Said dynasty came to power.

It continues to rule Oman to this day. Zanzibar was a valuable property as the main slave market of the Swahili Coast, and became an increasingly important part of the Omani empire, a fact reflected by the decision of the 1.

Imam of Muscat, Sa'id ibn Sultan, to make it his main place of residence in 1. Sa'id built impressive palaces and gardens in Zanzibar. Rivalry between his two sons was resolved, with the help of forceful British diplomacy, when one of them, Majid, succeeded to Zanzibar and to the many regions claimed by the family on the Swahili Coast. The other son, Thuwaini, inherited Muscat and Oman. Zanzibar influences in the Comoros archipelago in the Indian Ocean indirectly introduced Omani customs to the Comorian culture.

These influences include clothing traditions and wedding ceremonies. This coastal city is located in the Makran region of what is now the far southwestern corner of Pakistan, near the present- day border of Iran, at the mouth of the Gulf of Oman. The interior was ruled by Ibadite imams and the coastal areas by the sultan.

Under the terms of the British- brokered Treaty of Seeb of 1. The Sultan of Muscat would be responsible for the external affairs of Oman.

Imam Ghalib Al Hinai was the elected Imam of the Imamate of Oman in May 1. A subsidiary of the Iraq Petroleum Company was intensely interested in some promising geological formations near Fahud. Under the terms of the 1. Seeb, the Sultan claimed all dealings with the oil company as his prerogative. The Imam, on the other hand, claimed that since the oil was in his territory, anything dealing with it was an internal matter. In July 1. 95. 7, the Sultan's forces were withdrawing, but they were repeatedly ambushed, sustaining heavy casualties. On 8 September 1.

Pakistan purchased the Gwadar enclave from Oman for US$3 million. In the Dhofar Rebellion, which began in 1. As the rebellion threatened to overthrow the Sultan's rule in Dhofar, Sultan Said bin Taimur was deposed in a bloodless coup (1. Qaboos bin Said, who expanded the Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces, modernised the state's administration and introduced social reforms. The uprising was finally put down in 1.

Iran, Jordan, Pakistan and the British Royal Air Force, army and Special Air Service. Reign of Sultan Qaboos (from 1. Political reforms were eventually introduced. Historically, voters had been chosen from among tribal leaders, intellectuals, and businessmen. In 1. 99. 7 Sultan Qaboos decreed that women could vote for, and stand for election to, the Majlis al- Shura, the Consultative Assembly of Oman. Two women were duly elected to the body.

In 2. 00. 2, voting rights were extended to all citizens over the age of 2. Consultative Assembly under the new rules were held in 2. In 2. 00. 4, the Sultan appointed Oman's first female minister with portfolio, Sheikha Aisha bint Khalfan bin Jameel al- Sayabiyah. She was appointed to the post of National Authority for Industrial Craftsmanship, an office that attempts to preserve and promote Oman's traditional crafts and stimulate industry. The Sultan continued to rule by decree. Nearly 1. 00 suspected Islamists were arrested in 2.

They were ultimately pardoned in June of the same year. Although they did not call for the ousting of the regime, demonstrators demanded political reforms, improved living conditions, and the creation of more jobs. They were dispersed by riot police in February 2. Sultan Qaboos reacted by promising jobs and benefits. In October 2. 01. Consultative Assembly, to which Sultan Qaboos promised greater powers. The following year, the government began a crackdown on Internet criticism.

In September 2. 01. Six were given jail terms of 1.

A vast gravel desert plain covers most of central Oman, with mountain ranges along the north (Al Hajar Mountains) and southeast coast (Qara or Dhofar Mountains). Oman's climate is hot and dry in the interior and humid along the coast.